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intellectual culture

  • 1 intellectual culture

    Общая лексика: духовная культура

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > intellectual culture

  • 2 intellectual culture

    • hengenviljely

    English-Finnish dictionary > intellectual culture

  • 3 phenomena of material and intellectual culture

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > phenomena of material and intellectual culture

  • 4 culture

    1) (a form or type of civilization of a certain race or nation: the Jewish culture.) cultura
    2) (improvement of the mind etc by education etc: He was an enthusiastic seeker of culture.) cultura
    3) (educated taste in art, literature, music etc: He thinks that anyone who dislikes Bach is lacking in culture.) cultura
    4) ((a) cultivated growth of bacteria etc.) cultivo
    5) (the commercial rearing of fish, certain plants etc.) cultivo
    •
    - cultured
    culture n cultura
    tr['kʌlʧəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (gen) cultura
    2 (growth) cultivo
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    culture gap diferencia cultural
    culture vulture devorador,-ra de cultura
    culture ['kʌlʧər] n
    1) cultivation: cultivo m
    2) refinement: cultura f, educación f, refinamiento m
    3) civilization: cultura f, civilización f
    the Incan culture: la cultura inca
    n.
    • cultivo s.m.
    • cultura s.f.
    • lectura s.f.
    v.
    • cultivar v.

    I 'kʌltʃər, 'kʌltʃə(r)
    1) c u ( civilization) cultura f; (before n)

    culture shock — choque m cultural or de culturas

    2) u ( intellectual activity) cultura f
    3) c u (Agr, Biol) cultivo m

    II
    transitive verb cultivar
    ['kʌltʃǝ(r)]
    1. N
    1) (=the arts) cultura f ; (=civilization) civilización f, cultura f
    2) (=education, refinement) cultura f

    she has no culture — carece de cultura, es una inculta

    3) (Agr) (=breeding) cría f ; [of plants etc] cultivo m
    2.
    VT [+ tissue etc] cultivar
    3.
    CPD

    culture clash N — choque m de culturas, choque m cultural

    culture fluid N — caldo m de cultivo

    culture gap N — vacío m cultural

    culture medium N — caldo m de cultivo

    culture shock N — choque m cultural

    culture vulture * N — hum cultureta * mf

    * * *

    I ['kʌltʃər, 'kʌltʃə(r)]
    1) c u ( civilization) cultura f; (before n)

    culture shock — choque m cultural or de culturas

    2) u ( intellectual activity) cultura f
    3) c u (Agr, Biol) cultivo m

    II
    transitive verb cultivar

    English-spanish dictionary > culture

  • 5 Jewish Enlightenment (A late 18th- and 19th-century intellectual movement among the Jews of central and eastern Europe that attempted to acquaint Jews with the European and Hebrew languages and with secular education and culture)

    Общая лексика: еврейское движение

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Jewish Enlightenment (A late 18th- and 19th-century intellectual movement among the Jews of central and eastern Europe that attempted to acquaint Jews with the European and Hebrew languages and with secular education and culture)

  • 6 iletrado

    adj.
    illiterate, uneducated, uncultured, under-educated.
    m.
    ignorant person, illiterate, ignorant.
    * * *
    1 illiterate
    * * *
    ADJ (=analfabeto) illiterate; (=inculto) uneducated
    * * *
    - da adjetivo ( analfabeto) illiterate; ( inculto) uneducated
    * * *
    Ex. It was obvious to the committeemen that these new residents of Boston were generally unlettered and `think little of moral and intellectual culture'.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo ( analfabeto) illiterate; ( inculto) uneducated
    * * *

    Ex: It was obvious to the committeemen that these new residents of Boston were generally unlettered and `think little of moral and intellectual culture'.

    * * *
    (analfabeto) illiterate; (inculto) uneducated
    * * *
    iletrado, -a
    ♦ adj
    illiterate
    ♦ nm,f
    illiterate
    * * *
    adj ( analfabeto) illiterate; ( inculto) uneducated

    Spanish-English dictionary > iletrado

  • 7 no darle demasiada importancia a Algo

    (v.) = think + little of
    Ex. It was obvious to the committeemen that these new residents of Boston were generally unlettered and ` think little of moral and intellectual culture'.
    * * *
    (v.) = think + little of

    Ex: It was obvious to the committeemen that these new residents of Boston were generally unlettered and ` think little of moral and intellectual culture'.

    Spanish-English dictionary > no darle demasiada importancia a Algo

  • 8 no importar Algo a Alguien

    (v.) = think + little of
    Ex. It was obvious to the committeemen that these new residents of Boston were generally unlettered and ` think little of moral and intellectual culture'.
    * * *
    (v.) = think + little of

    Ex: It was obvious to the committeemen that these new residents of Boston were generally unlettered and ` think little of moral and intellectual culture'.

    Spanish-English dictionary > no importar Algo a Alguien

  • 9 духовная культура

    1) General subject: intellectual culture
    2) Advertising: spiritual culture

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > духовная культура

  • 10 явления материальной и духовной культуры

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > явления материальной и духовной культуры

  • 11 hengenviljely

    • cultivation of the mind
    • intellectual culture

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > hengenviljely

  • 12 духовен

    1. spiritual, unworldly, of the mind, mental, intellectual, noetic
    духови интереси intellectual interests
    духовен облик a spiritual make-up, soul, intellect
    духовно богатство spiritual/cultural heritage
    духовна сила spiritual power
    духовна връзка spiritual relationship; community of feeling
    духовна бедност spiritual poverty, meanness
    духовна храна mental/intellectual food; nurture of the mind
    2.рел. ecclesiastic (al), clerical
    духовно лице clergyman, cleric, ecclesisatic, a man of God/of the cloth
    духовно лице съм be a clergyman etc., be in (holy) orders
    духовен сан clerical rank/position, order
    духовен пастир a spiritual guide
    духовна семинария a theological college; seminary
    духовен глава head of the church
    духовен съд a spiritual court
    * * *
    духо̀вен,
    прил., -на, -но, -ни 1. spiritual, unworldly, of the mind, mental, intellectual, noetic, unfleshly, otherworldly; \духовенен облик spiritual make-up, soul, intellect; \духовенна бедност spiritual poverty, meanness; \духовенна връзка spiritual relationship; community of feeling; \духовенна култура spiritual culture; \духовенна сила spiritual power; \духовенна храна mental/intellectual food; nurture of the mind; \духовенни интереси intellectual interests; \духовенно богатство spiritual/cultural heritage;
    2. църк. ecclesiastic(al), clerical; \духовенен глава head of the church; \духовенен пастир spiritual guide; \духовенен сан clerical rank/position, order; \духовенен съд spiritual court; \духовенна музика sacred music; \духовенна семинария theological college; seminary; \духовенно лице clergyman, cleric, ecclesiastic, a man of God/of the cloth; \духовенно лице съм be a clergyman etc., be in (holy) orders; приемам \духовенен сан take (holy) orders.
    * * *
    Platonic ; clerical ; otherworldly {,XDxr`wq;rdli;}; spiritual: а духовен heritage - духовно богатство; unfleshly ; unworldly
    * * *
    1. spiritual, unworldly, of the mind, mental, intellectual, noetic 2. ДУХОВЕН глава head of the church 3. ДУХОВЕН облик a spiritual make-up, soul, intellect 4. ДУХОВЕН пастир a spiritual guide 5. ДУХОВЕН сан clerical rank/position, order 6. ДУХОВЕН съд a spiritual court 7. духови интереси intellectual interests 8. духовна бедност spiritual poverty, meanness 9. духовна връзка spiritual relationship;community of feeling 10. духовна красота spiritual beauty 11. духовна култура spiritual culture 12. духовна музика sacred music 13. духовна семинария a theological college;seminary 14. духовна сила spiritual power 15. духовна храна mental/intellectual food;nurture of the mind 16. духовно богатство spiritual/cultural heritage 17. духовно лице clergyman, cleric, ecclesisatic, a man of God/of the cloth 18. духовно лице съм be a clergyman etc., be in (holy) orders 19. приемам ДУХОВЕН сан take (holy) orders 20. рел. ecclesiastic(al), clerical

    Български-английски речник > духовен

  • 13 erudito

    adj.
    erudite, educated, read, learned.
    m.
    scholar, highbrow, man of learning, scholarly person.
    * * *
    1 erudite, learned, scholarly
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 scholar, expert
    \
    erudito,-a a la violeta familiar pseudo-intellectual
    * * *
    1. (f. - erudita)
    noun
    2. (f. - erudita)
    adj.
    * * *
    erudito, -a
    1.
    ADJ learned, scholarly, erudite frm
    2.
    SM / F scholar, learned person

    los eruditos en esta materia — those who are expert in this subject, those who really know about this subject

    un erudito a la violeta — pey a pseudo-intellectual

    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo <lenguaje/obra> erudite; < persona> learned, knowledgeable

    erudito en algo — learned in something, knowledgeable about something

    II
    - ta masculino, femenino scholar
    * * *
    = connoisseur, learned, scholar, scholarly, erudite, polymath, savant, highbrow [high-brow], man of letters.
    Ex. Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.
    Ex. Abstracts will accompany various learned, technical or scholarly contributions.
    Ex. Under 'American scholar' he found editions published beginning, I believe, in the 1880s.
    Ex. Personal authorship has been accepted for some time, and indeed reflects the scholarly practice of the western world.
    Ex. The bulk of the town's residents had little time for culture, for the theater, for the erudite lecture.
    Ex. Many faculty would like to conceive of the 21st-century librarian as a polymath who is as sensitive to issues in the arts and humanities as he or she is knowledgeable about computers, networking and about related programming object management issues.
    Ex. The subsequent debate, which engaged astrologers, doctors, theologians, & savants, reveals the tensions in French culture at the dawn of the Enlightenment.
    Ex. The lowly chow of the rural poor has gone highbrow.
    Ex. The library was greatly expanded in the late 1650s to accommodate the needs of the scholars and men of letters attached to Fouquet and to add lustre to his political career.
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo <lenguaje/obra> erudite; < persona> learned, knowledgeable

    erudito en algo — learned in something, knowledgeable about something

    II
    - ta masculino, femenino scholar
    * * *
    = connoisseur, learned, scholar, scholarly, erudite, polymath, savant, highbrow [high-brow], man of letters.

    Ex: Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.

    Ex: Abstracts will accompany various learned, technical or scholarly contributions.
    Ex: Under 'American scholar' he found editions published beginning, I believe, in the 1880s.
    Ex: Personal authorship has been accepted for some time, and indeed reflects the scholarly practice of the western world.
    Ex: The bulk of the town's residents had little time for culture, for the theater, for the erudite lecture.
    Ex: Many faculty would like to conceive of the 21st-century librarian as a polymath who is as sensitive to issues in the arts and humanities as he or she is knowledgeable about computers, networking and about related programming object management issues.
    Ex: The subsequent debate, which engaged astrologers, doctors, theologians, & savants, reveals the tensions in French culture at the dawn of the Enlightenment.
    Ex: The lowly chow of the rural poor has gone highbrow.
    Ex: The library was greatly expanded in the late 1650s to accommodate the needs of the scholars and men of letters attached to Fouquet and to add lustre to his political career.

    * * *
    erudito1 -ta
    ‹lenguaje/obra› erudite; ‹persona› learned, knowledgeable, erudite erudito EN algo learned IN sth, knowledgeable ABOUT sth
    erudito2 -ta
    masculine, feminine
    scholar
    los eruditos en la materia experts in the subject
    * * *

    erudito
    ◊ -ta adjetivo ‹lenguaje/obra› erudite;


    ‹ persona› learned, knowledgeable;
    erudito en algo learned in sth, knowledgeable about sth
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    scholar
    erudito,-a
    I adjetivo erudite, learned
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino scholar
    ' erudito' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    erudita
    English:
    knowledgeable
    - learned
    - scholar
    - erudite
    - learning
    - scholarly
    * * *
    erudito, -a
    ♦ adj
    erudite
    ♦ nm,f
    scholar;
    un erudito en la materia an expert on the subject
    * * *
    I adj learned, erudite
    II m, erudita f scholar
    * * *
    erudito, -ta adj
    letrado: erudite, learned
    erudito, -ta n
    : scholar

    Spanish-English dictionary > erudito

  • 14 por otra parte

    = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side
    Ex. The nature of the information, on the other hand, may determine its inclusion in a special collection of statistics or quick reference materials.
    Ex. On the one side is 'high culture' catering for the intellectual elites, on the other side is 'mass culture' catering for an undiscriminating mass audience of 'consumers'.
    Ex. On the flip side, jaywalking laws really are absolutely ridiculous anyway.
    * * *
    = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side

    Ex: The nature of the information, on the other hand, may determine its inclusion in a special collection of statistics or quick reference materials.

    Ex: On the one side is 'high culture' catering for the intellectual elites, on the other side is 'mass culture' catering for an undiscriminating mass audience of 'consumers'.
    Ex: On the flip side, jaywalking laws really are absolutely ridiculous anyway.

    Spanish-English dictionary > por otra parte

  • 15 por otro lado

    = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters
    Ex. Alternatively new subjects can be inserted by decimal subdivision.
    Ex. However, one important feature to note about such systems is that many of them do not in fact organise knowledge or retrieve information.
    Ex. The nature of the information, on the other hand, may determine its inclusion in a special collection of statistics or quick reference materials.
    Ex. On the one side is 'high culture' catering for the intellectual elites, on the other side is 'mass culture' catering for an undiscriminating mass audience of 'consumers'.
    Ex. For another thing, to the best of my knowledge IQ tests do not differentiate between different kinds of giftedness.
    Ex. On the flip side, jaywalking laws really are absolutely ridiculous anyway.
    Ex. On another topic, how much trust and confidence do you have at this time in your mayor and city council, when it comes to handling city problems?.
    Ex. On another matter, in many cases it is cheaper to pay workers for overtime than it is to hire more people.
    Ex. On another note, if a child is bilingual, it is very difficult to make him fluent in both languages.
    Ex. On other matters, it appears that our server was down again this morning.
    * * *
    = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters

    Ex: Alternatively new subjects can be inserted by decimal subdivision.

    Ex: However, one important feature to note about such systems is that many of them do not in fact organise knowledge or retrieve information.
    Ex: The nature of the information, on the other hand, may determine its inclusion in a special collection of statistics or quick reference materials.
    Ex: On the one side is 'high culture' catering for the intellectual elites, on the other side is 'mass culture' catering for an undiscriminating mass audience of 'consumers'.
    Ex: For another thing, to the best of my knowledge IQ tests do not differentiate between different kinds of giftedness.
    Ex: On the flip side, jaywalking laws really are absolutely ridiculous anyway.
    Ex: On another topic, how much trust and confidence do you have at this time in your mayor and city council, when it comes to handling city problems?.
    Ex: On another matter, in many cases it is cheaper to pay workers for overtime than it is to hire more people.
    Ex: On another note, if a child is bilingual, it is very difficult to make him fluent in both languages.
    Ex: On other matters, it appears that our server was down again this morning.

    Spanish-English dictionary > por otro lado

  • 16 por un lado

    = for one, on the one hand, on the one side
    Ex. For one, the record is made by a moving beam of electrons rather than a moving pointer, for the reason that an electron beam can sweep across the picture very rapidly indeed.
    Ex. On the one hand, the world is in a continuous state of change -- always seeking, as it were, to find the equilibrium of its natural state.
    Ex. On the one side is 'high culture' catering for the intellectual elites, on the other side is 'mass culture' catering for an undiscriminating mass audience of 'consumers'.
    * * *
    = for one, on the one hand, on the one side

    Ex: For one, the record is made by a moving beam of electrons rather than a moving pointer, for the reason that an electron beam can sweep across the picture very rapidly indeed.

    Ex: On the one hand, the world is in a continuous state of change -- always seeking, as it were, to find the equilibrium of its natural state.
    Ex: On the one side is 'high culture' catering for the intellectual elites, on the other side is 'mass culture' catering for an undiscriminating mass audience of 'consumers'.

    Spanish-English dictionary > por un lado

  • 17 por una parte

    = on the one hand, on the one side
    Ex. On the one hand, the world is in a continuous state of change -- always seeking, as it were, to find the equilibrium of its natural state.
    Ex. On the one side is 'high culture' catering for the intellectual elites, on the other side is 'mass culture' catering for an undiscriminating mass audience of 'consumers'.
    * * *
    = on the one hand, on the one side

    Ex: On the one hand, the world is in a continuous state of change -- always seeking, as it were, to find the equilibrium of its natural state.

    Ex: On the one side is 'high culture' catering for the intellectual elites, on the other side is 'mass culture' catering for an undiscriminating mass audience of 'consumers'.

    Spanish-English dictionary > por una parte

  • 18 sin capacidad de discernimiento

    Ex. On the one side is 'high culture' catering for the intellectual elites, on the other side is 'mass culture' catering for an undiscriminating mass audience of 'consumers'.
    * * *

    Ex: On the one side is 'high culture' catering for the intellectual elites, on the other side is 'mass culture' catering for an undiscriminating mass audience of 'consumers'.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sin capacidad de discernimiento

  • 19 åndsliv

    ( tankevirksomhed) intellectual life, thought;
    (kultur etc) intellectual life ( fx 18th century intellectual life), culture ( fx German culture).

    Danish-English dictionary > åndsliv

  • 20 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

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